<p>The R.T. Barnett and Company Building is a historic two-story building in Bozeman, Montana. It was designed in the Victorian Eclectic style with Gothic Revival and Byzantine Revival features by architects Byron Vreeland and Herman Kemna, and built in 1889–1890 for Robert Barnett, the owner of the Northern Pacific Hotel. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 1, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The St. James Apartments are a historic apartment house at 573 State Street & 5 Oak Street in Springfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1904, it is a good local example of Classical Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The St. James Apartments are located just southeast of the extended former Springfield Armory grounds, at the southeast corner of State Street and Oak Street. It is a four-story masonry structure, organized in a U shape with its main facade facing State Street and wings extending south. Both street-facing facades feature projecting rounded bays, with one at the street corner. Ground-floor windows are set in round-arch openings, while the second and third-floor windows have keystones of cast stone. Bands of cast stone and multicolored and projecting brick courses add interest to the facades, and a cornice separates the first and second floors. The interior houses eighteen units of varying size, retaining only a modest number of period features.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1904 by Joseph Laliberte to a design by William B. Reid. Both Reid and Laliberte were Canadian immigrants resident in Holyoke, and the building appears to have been a speculative venture. Its construction is representative of the growth of the areas immigrant Canadian population in the city in the early 20th century. Its early residents were a mix of tradespeople and skilled craftsmen, including immigrants from Canada and Ireland. The buildings interior underwent a major renovation in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Wigglesworth Building is a historic apartment house at 77 Lillian Street and 23 Oak Street in Springfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1917, it is a good local example of Colonial Revival architecture, typifying the city&#39;s multiunit construction after the introduction of new building codes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wigglesworth Building is located southeast of the extended former Springfield Armory grounds, at the southeast corner of Oak Street and Lillian Street. It is a four-story masonry structure, organized in a U shape with its main facade facing Oak Street and wings extending east. The Oak Street facade houses then main entrance at the center of a five-bay facade. The outer corner bays project slightly, articulated by stone corner quoining. Windows in those bays are grouped in threes, with transom windows above, with shouldered stone lintels. Windows in the center bays are paired sash, with unshouldered stone lintels. The Lillian Street facade is seven bays long, alternating projecting and recessed sections with similar window arrangements. The interior houses sixteen apartments, which have seen significant alteration and retain few period features.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1917 by Joseph Laliberte to a design by Lyman Howes, a local architect. The developer was Austin Wigglesworth, owner of a local construction company, who tore down an older multiunit building on the site. The city had changed its building codes in 1910 to require more fireproof construction materials in larger multiunit residential buildings like this one, resulting in a decline in wood-frame tenement-style housing. Early residents were skilled tradespeople, managers, and shopkeepers. The building&#39;s interior underwent a major renovation in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Bell site  is located on the south side of Big Lake Butte des Morts in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, about 52 miles southeast of Green Bay. The site is classified as an early  Historic village of the Meskwaki  people.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The Bell site was first discovered in 1911 when gravel mining operations uncovered the burial of an Indian chief and his horse. In the 1950s the site came to the attention of professional archaeologists. Mixed historic and prehistoric materials were being found by collectors, and the pottery was unlike any previously found at archaeological sites in Wisconsin. It was hypothesized that this site could be a village of a Central Angonkian tribe (native to Michigan or Ontario) which had been displaced in the 1600s during the Iroquois wars. Further research in the Wisconsin Historical Collections revealed that early French explorers had recorded a village of the Meskwaki people at the location of the site.</p><br>
<h2>1959 excavations</h2><br>
<p>In 1959 evacuations took place with the joint efforts of the State Historical Society, the Wisconsin Archaeological Survey and the Oshkosh Public Museum, under the direction of Warren L. Wittry of the Cranbrook Institute of Science.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Features identified at the site include:</p><br>
<p>the remains of a palisade or defensive wall</p><br>
<p>45 storage/refuse pits</p><br>
<p>a bear skull placed in a manner suggestive of the early historic practice of bear ceremonialism</p><br>
<p>a burial of 3 dogs suggestive of the early historic practice of dog sacrifice. Dog burials have also been noted at a site in St. Ignace, Michigan, and there are accounts from early French explorers describing the practice among Great Lakes tribes.</p><br>
<p>a human burial; several other burials were uncovered when the site was originally discovered in 1911</p><br>
<p>several post molds suggestive of a house structure(s)</p><br>
<h3>Artifacts</h3><br>
<p>A wide variety of artifacts were recovered, including bone and antler artifacts, brass artifacts, pottery, stone tools, glass artifacts, ground and polished stone artifacts, iron artifacts, lead artifacts, shell artifacts and smoking pipes.</p><br>
<h3>Pottery</h3><br>
<p>Four pottery types were noted at the site:</p><br>
<p>Bell site type 1 – represented by 1,079 sherds and one complete restored vessel. This type consists of grit-tempered, smooth-surfaced spherical vessels with everted rims. Decoration consists of punctates and incised lines. Strap handles are present on some vessels. This pottery type has also been noted at the Arrowsmith site in central Illinois and sites in the area of Saginaw, Michigan. The cultural affiliation is believed to be the Meskwaki people.</p><br>
<p>Bell site type 2 – represented by 171 sherds. This type consists of grit-tempered, spherical vessels with everted rims. Exterior surfaces are cord marked from the neck down with the neck area well-smoothed. No decorations were noted other than finger-crimping of the rim. This type has also been found at the Rock Island site in Door County, Wisconsin. The cultural affiliation is believed to be the Potawatomi people.</p><br>
<p>Lake Winnebago focus – 23 sherds were thought by the authors to be affiliated with this Oneota pottery type. These sherds were shell-tempered with smooth surfaces. Cultural affiliation is thought to be a Siouan-speaking group, possibly the Ho-Chunk people.</p><br>
<p>LaSalle filleted – represented by 3 rim sherds. This type is grit-tempered with cordmarked surface. Fillets and strap handles were noted on individual sherds. This pottery type has been noted in the Starved Rock area of Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists have found great difficulty in identifying the material culture of the Great Lakes Indian tribes and tracing it back to prehistoric times. At the time of European contact, tribes were moving around and becoming displaced due to conflicts such as the Iroquois wars, as well as the changing economic patterns brought about by the fur trade. As a result, it&#39;s difficult for archaeologists to place tribes accurately in their prehistoric homeland. Furthermore, after contact with Europeans, the tribes traded for items such as brass kettles and steel knives which replaced the native pottery and stone tools. Thus, the material culture vanished and in many cases created a disconnect in the archaeological record between the prehistoric and historic periods.</p><br>
<p>With the discovery of the Bell site, for the first time Meskwaki material culture could be observed in an intact early historic context. The Bell site type 1 pottery style can be attributed to the Meskwaki tribe with confidence since it is the predominant pottery type present at the site. Subsequently, excavations at a known Potawatomi site (Rock Island) yielded Bell site type II pottery, which indicates that pottery type was manufactured by the Potawatomi. In both cases, this was the first time that specific pottery styles could be attributed with confidence to either tribe.</p><br>
<p>The New Alcazar Hotel, also known as Alcazar Hotel, is a historic building in Clarksdale, Mississippi, United States. Once considered one of the premier hotels in the South, its guests included the playwright Tennessee Williams. Located in the hotel were a restaurant and several other businesses, including WROX radio station, which broadcast from the hotel for 40 years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Alcazar Hotel was built in 1895; it was destroyed by arson caused by a former employee in 1947. The new hotel was built by the architect Charles O. Pfeil of Memphis, and was completed by 1915. Billed as the "most modern hotel in Mississippi", it had a glass dome skylight and was more spacious than the original. The building had four stories, with eleven storefront bays where prominent Clarksdale businesses operated. The hotel was remodeled in 1938 to include a private bath in each room. Around 1948, a mezzanine level was introduced between the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, the musician Ike Turner operated the elevator in the hotel as a pre-teen. He also worked as a DJ at WROX radio located in the hotel. Musicians including Elvis Presley, Muddy Waters, Ike & Tina Turner, and B.B. King performed live at WROX and were interviewed by Early Wright, the first black DJ in Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the hotel and its coffee shop only served white people. After the Act was passed, the Clarksdale King Anderson Company, which owned the hotel, instructed employees to continue to "refuse service to Negroes". According to a 1965 USA District Court ruling, on July 6, 1964, Reverend George W. Trotter III, a black man, and Vera Mae Pigee, a black woman, attempted to obtain a hotel room and service at the coffee shop respectively. Both were refused because of their race. The next day, the owners closed the hotel and coffee shop to avoid serving black customers. A few weeks later, on July 27, the Regency Club was founded as a whites-only private club, working in conjunction with Clarksdale King Anderson for use of the hotel, coffee shop, and staff. In December 1965, the court ruled against the discriminatory practices, barring the hotel from operating in cahoots with the club.</p><br>
<p>The Alcazar Hotel was eventually closed and the building was used for other commercial purposes. WROX moved out of the building in the 1990s. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. In 2009, the hotel was listed as one of the 10 Most Endangered Historic Places in Mississippi by the Mississippi Heritage Trust. There have been plans to facilitate the building; as of 2017, it has been repainted and weatherproofed but remains vacant.</p><br>
<p>The Zapp Building, later known as the Country Place Hotel and Restaurant, is a historic building in Fayetteville, Texas, United States. It was built in 1900 by builders Stidham and Kurtz in the Romanesque Revival style for local merchant Hugo Zapp to replace a wooden building at the site which burned down. Zapp bought a shop at this prominent location at the northwest corner of the town square in 1876. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1983, and designated a contributing property to the Fayetteville Historic District by the registrar on July 10, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Records indicate a store at this location as early as 1865. The property originally belonged to Phillip J. Shaver, who laid out the town of Fayetteville and sold this corner to Andrew Crier. W.H. and Elizabeth Donathan sold the shop to Zapp. The mercantile operation Zapp operated in the building sold yard goods, shoes and clothing which were displayed in the upper gallery. The site served many functions with hotel rooms, an undertakers parlor and a dentist&#39;s office housed upstairs while the cool basement was used to store milk brought by local farmers awaiting shipment by train to a creamery.</p><br>
<p>In addition to his mercantile business, Hugo Zapp speculated in land and was involved in the commercial activity of the town. He died in 1912 and Hugo Zapp Jr. continued operating the mercantile business and rental space in the building. Tenants have included a hospital, a school, a boarding house and during Prohibition a speakeasy in the basement. the building was in continued commercial operation with an architects office, an antique store and a restaurant on the first floor. The upstairs is operated as an inn.</p><br>
<p>One of five masonry buildings facing the town square it is the only one with traditional masonry construction. It is not known if the builders Stidham and Kurtz had plans prepared by an architect or designed the building themselves. It is a fine and well preserved example of Romanesque Revival style architecture. It is a rectangular two story red and yellow brick building on the eastern corner of Fayette and Washington streets with the entry at 45 degrees opening directly onto the street corner at the sidewalk.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Fayette County Courthouse and the Fayette County Jail are two historic buildings in La Grange, Texas. The courthouse was designed by James Riely Gordon and built in 1891 by Martin, Byrne and Johnston. The jail was built earlier in 1881 by Fritz Schulte and designed by John Andrewartha and James Wahrenberger. Both buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places  as a single listing on January 23, 1975. and designated a Texas State Antiquities Landmark on January 1, 1981 by the Texas Historical Commission . Texas historical marker number 12627 erected in 2001 commemorates the courthouse&#39;s status as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, marker no. 18757 placed in 2017 does likewise for the jail. On January 16, 2001 both buildings were designated and recorded in the NRHP as contributing properties to the Fayette County Courthouse Square Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Fayette County Courthouse Square Historic District in La Grange, Texas is a historic district roughly bounded by Main, Lafayette, Franklin, Colorado, Jefferson, Washington, and Crockett Streets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 16, 2001. Two notable buildings in the district are the Fayette County Courthouse and Jail. Forty–seven buildings, three structures and four objects were identified as contributing to the historic nature of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>A partial list of contributing properties:</p><br>
<p>Northland Gardens is a residential historic district located along Westland Avenue Westhampton Road, Rutland Drive, and Westover Road between Southfield Road & the John C. Lodge Freeway in Southfield, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of Southfield that includes the present Northland Gardens was set aside for residential development in the 1920s, as the rise of the automobile made the farther suburbs more accessible from Detroit. In the late 1940s, the Hudson-Webber Realty Company (the real-estate arm of The J. L. Hudson Company) purchased the Northland Gardens site. They platted the area in 1956. Lots were sold, and the area was substantially built out by 1967. The first residents of Northland Gardens were primarily white, but it quickly integrated and in the 1970s was a popular home for African American families. In fact, the diversity of the neighborhood was touted as one of its attractions to white and black residents alike. The neighborhood has remained a diverse community well into the 21st century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Northland Gardens is a 47.8-acre residential neighborhood containing 117 houses. Most of these homes are Mid-Century Modern Ranch style structures, with Colonial Revival and Contemporary details. no two houses are alike, and construction is generally of a high quality. Most houses are clad in brick, with colors ranging from black to red to yellow, pink or white. many houses have contrasting wood siding or stone. The lots are primarily rectangular, with wedge-shaped lots located along curves and around the neighborhood cul-de-sacs. Houses are located in the center of the lots, and are typically irregular in plan, with offset porches, garages, or wings. The neighborhood is cohesive, and with very few alterations looks much as it did in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Cummings Creek Bridge was a historic iron bridge about 2 miles northwest of Round Top, Texas. It was fabricated by the King Iron Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio. It was erected in situ by the bridge company&#39;s agent S.A. Oliver in 1890. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 1975, and designated a Texas State Antiquities Landmark by the Texas Historical Commission on January 1, 1981.</p><br>
<p>It was an example of a 19th-century through truss bridge. The single span bridge covered 110 ft with each Pratt truss having 8 panels. Signage atop the north end identifies the builder and year of manufacture.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Pytlovany House is a historic house in Fayette County, Texas. It is located about 1.5 mi south of Dubina on FM 1383. It is an example of immigrants bringing building styles to their new homes. The house is built in the style of a Ukrainian Izba. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1975 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>It is built from large timbers 6 to 8 in square. The frame was first built upside down with the ceiling framework on the ground, it was then disassembled and put together upright. Splice and hole fittings, not nails, were used. This was not only structurally strong but facilitated the assemble, disassemble, invert, reassemble process. The frame was filled with split logs (mostly cedar) approximately 12 in apart. The space was filled with a pseudo adobe of mud, shelled maize head and horse manure. The manure created a stronger chemical bond and provided undigested straw. The walls were 14 to 18 in when completed. Twigs and sticks were added as needed for reinforcement and a top coating of yellow clay and straw served as a finishing plaster and preservative.</p><br>
<h2>Simon Pytlovany</h2><br>
<p>Simon Pytlovany immigrated from Ukraine in 1896 with his wife, two children and father arriving in Galveston, Texas. After several moves he was a share cropper in Dubina until he bought this property in 1904 and built the home there in 1909. The structural timbers used to build the house were from a church destroyed in a hurricane that year. Pytlovany&#39;s design for his house closely resembles the plan of a traditional Ukrainian Izba with its modified rectangular plan with additions and entry on the long sides and steeply gabled shingled roof.</p><br>
<p>The Rock Island II Site is an archaeological site located on the south side of Rock Island, in Door County, Wisconsin, United States, at the mouth of Green Bay, within the boundaries of Rock Island State Park. It is classified as an Early Historic site with occupations by the Potawatomi, Huron, Petun, Ottawa and Wyandot tribes. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2023. It is one of the best-preserved sites documenting early Native-European contacts in the Great Lakes region.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Cultural remains had been reported on Rock Island and the neighboring islands as early as 1915. Intensive excavations were undertaken from 1969-1973 under the auspices of Lawrence University. The large amount of cultural remains and extensive research into historic records revealed that Rock Island was the island called “Island of the Pouteouatamis” AKA “Island of the Hurons” by early French explorers. Through careful examination of the archaeological record, the researchers were able to match 4 major occupation zones to historically recorded Native American occupations. These Native American tribes were in fact native to Michigan and Ontario, but had become displaced as a result of the Iroquois Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Results of 1969–1973 excavations</h2><br>
<p>The excavations yielded features, artifacts (both historic and prehistoric), human bone, animal bone, and plant remains.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Several features were present at the site:</p><br>
<p>15 storage/refuse pits</p><br>
<p>The remains of 4 buildings</p><br>
<p>A cemetery with 14 burials</p><br>
<p>Palisade trenches</p><br>
<h3>Artifacts</h3><br>
<p>Approximately 80,000 artifacts were collected at the site. Some were made by the Native American inhabitants and some were trade goods obtained from the Europeans:</p><br>
<p>Pottery (over 35,000 sherds with at least 336 vessels represented)</p><br>
<p>Stone tools</p><br>
<p>Smoking pipes</p><br>
<p>Animal effigies</p><br>
<p>Catlinite artifacts</p><br>
<p>Bone and antler tools</p><br>
<p>European trade goods including glass trade beads, gunflints, gun parts, lead shot, musket balls, iron knives, metal arrowheads, firesteels, glass bottle fragments, remelted glass pendants, religious medallions, lead bale seals, and Jesuit rings</p><br>
<h4>Occupations and associated pottery types</h4><br>
<h4>=Initial Potawatomi occupation (c. Post-1641, pre-1650/51 A.D.)=</h4><br>
<p>The dominant pottery style is Bell site type II, first noted at the Bell site, located in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. This is another site whose occupants were displaced from Michigan; in this case from the Fox tribe. Bell site Type I pottery was the predominant pottery style at that site. Bell site type II was a minority type at the Bell site but a majority type at the Potawatomi occupations of the Rock Island II site; and therefore the researchers concluded the Potawatomi were in fact the makers of the Bell site type II pottery.</p><br>
<p>Bell site type II is represented by numerous vessels at Rock Island II but some notable examples include vessels C6, C7, C8 and C9. This type is characterized by globular round-bottomed vessels with grit tempering, cordmarked exterior surface underneath a smoothed neck, and often having scalloped, crimped, cordmarked or notched rims. Time period: Early Historic. Cultural affiliation: Potawatomi.</p><br>
<h4>=Huron-Petun-Ottawa (Proto-Wyandot) occupation (c. 1650/51-1653 A.D.)=</h4><br>
<p>These three tribes had a short 2–3 year occupation between the two Potawatomi occupations. The tribes of this occupation were decimated by the Iroquois in the Iroquois Wars. Their remnants fled to Wisconsin and amalgamated into the Wyandot tribe.</p><br>
<p>The pottery of this occupation included some known types of the Huron and Petun and also some late Prehistoric types that apparently crossed over into the Historic period at this site:</p><br>
<p>Bell site type II (see above)</p><br>
<p>Huron incised – vessel C1 is an almost complete reconstructed pot of this type; it is a semi-globular, round bottom pot characterized by grit tempering, well smoothed surface, collared rim with incised or stamped lines, and well-defined shoulder with diagonal punctates. Time period: Early Historic. Cultural affiliation: Huron.</p><br>
<p>MacMurchy scalloped – vessel G1 is a good example of this type; it is characterized by grit tempering, smoothed neck with cordmarked surface beneath the neck, and collaring underneath the rim edge with vertical incised or stamped lines on the collar. Time period: Early Historic. Cultural affiliation: Ontario Iroquois (Huron or Petun)</p><br>
<p>Allamakee trailed – Vessel C21 is a good example; it is characterized by shell tempering, smooth surface, undecorated neck with punctated and incised decorations on the shoulder and fingernail impressions on the lip. Vessel C22 is another example, which also exhibits a strap handle, another trait of Orr Phase pottery. Time period: Late Prehistoric to Early Historic. Prehistoric Cultural affiliation: Upper Mississippian Oneota, Orr Phase. Historic cultural affiliation: unknown but possibly Winnebago.</p><br>
<p>Michipicoten stamped rim – Vessel J22 is an example of this type. It has a cordmarked body and rim and a smoothed neck. Time period: Early Historic. Cultural affiliation: Ontario Iroquois (Huron and Petun)</p><br>
<h4>=Main Potawatomi occupation (c. 1670-1730 A.D.)=</h4><br>
<p>The dominant pottery type of this occupation was Bell site type II (see above) but the following were also present:</p><br>
<p>Bell site Type 1 – Vessel E19 is a good example of this type. It is grit-tempered, with hard, smooth surface finish and rounded shoulder, everted rim and punctuated lip. Time period: Early Historic. Cultural affiliation: Fox.</p><br>
<p>Aztalan Collared – Associated with Madison Ware. Vessel E28 is an example of this type. It has a cordmarked surface with cord-wrapped stick impressions along the shoulder and rim. Time period: Prehistoric Late Woodland to Early Historic. Prehistoric Cultural affiliation: Effigy Mound. Historic cultural affiliation: Unknown.</p><br>
<h4>=Ottawa occupation (c. 1760-1770 A.D.)=</h4><br>
<p>The cemetery dates to this occupation. By this date, the Native Americans had almost completely ceased to make the native pottery, but there is at least one vessel of Bell site type II pottery present.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at the Rock Island II site have made some important contributions to archaeology in the Great Lakes region. It revealed the location of the famous “Island of the Pouteouatamis” described by early French explorers. It identified for the first time the material culture of the Potawatomi, in the form of Bell type II pottery. It also demonstrates for the first time archaeological evidence of the transition of the Petun and Huron tribes into the Wyandot tribe. Finally, it helped demonstrate the persistence of certain Late Prehistoric pottery types, such as Madison Ware and Orr Phase Oneota, into the Early Historic period.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, a nomination was submitted for the site to be designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Noble Judah Estate is a historic estate at 111 and 211 West Westminster Street in Lake Forest, Illinois, United States. The estate was built from 1925 to 1928 for lawyer Noble Brandon Judah, his wife and National Cash Register heiress Dorothy Patterson, and their children. It includes a main house, a garden, a pool, and several small outbuildings. The main house and the outbuildings were given French Renaissance Revival designs by architect Philip Lippincott Goodwin; their designs include steep roofs, decorative brickwork, and half-timbering. The estate&#39;s landscape design was inspired by traditional French gardens and includes a small Korean boxwood garden with a geometric layout.</p><br>
<p>The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Bon Homme County Courthouse is a historic three-story building in Tyndall, South Dakota, and the courthouse of Bon Homme County, South Dakota. It was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by architect A. Schartz, and built with granite by the A. M. Wold Company in 1914. Inside, there are murals painted by A.E. Soderberg, an immigrant from Sweden who worked for Oyen Studios. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 13, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building, also known as the American National Bank of Denver, Colorado was originally built as the headquarters building in 1911. In 2000, it became part of the Downtown Denver Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>First National Bank</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Denver operated from 1865 to 1958. John Evans, the son of William Gray Evans and the grandson of Territorial Governor John Evans, was the president beginning in 1928. In 1958, Evans merged the First National Bank of Denver with the International Trust Company that was also under his leadership.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The first high-rise building on 17th Street in Denver, the First National Bank building, was a 13-story building was built in 1911. It was designed by Harry W.J. Edbrooke, an architect from Chicago. The front façade was made with terra cotta and stone ornamentation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First National Bank occupied the building until 1958. The building was vacant in the 1980s due to lack of maintenance and the building being outdated.</p><br>
<p>The building became part of the Downtown Urban Renewal Area in 1993 and financing was provided for a $19.5 million renovation which would convert the building into the Holtze Executive Place extended stay hotel, owned by Steve Holtze. The renovation included removal of the concrete façade, restore the original façade, and renovate the building. The hotel opened in August 1995 with 246 hotel rooms, and retail space of 6,000 square feet.</p><br>
<p>The Magnolia Hotel, which has a traditional hotel format, occupies the building. The Magnolia brand, which began in Denver, includes a combination of downtown locations with renovated landmark buildings. The interior finishes and guest rooms were renovated as part of a $7 million renovation in July 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Zaldo de Nebot Residence , also known as the Fornaris Residence, is a historic house in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Built to a Neoclassical design in 1895, it is one of the fullest expressions of 19th century architecture for Ponces wealthy creole class. Notable are the trompe-lœil interior wall paintings of Parisian landmarks and fin de siècle decorative detailing.</p><br>
<p>The house was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Mascho Building and Public Privy is a historic building in Chandler, Oklahoma. It was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, and built in 1897 with rusticated sandstone. The first owner was A. E. Mascho, who used it as a grocery store until 1913, when it was purchased by grocer John Franklin Murphy and his wife Ella. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 5, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Arsenal Courts, also known as Century Woods, is a nationally recognized historic district located in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2020. At the time of its nomination it consisted of 43 resources, all of them contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Arsenal Courts is an apartment complex built by the United States Housing Authority from 1940 to 1941 to house defense workers at the Rock Island Arsenal. This was one of the earliest housing projects in Illinois funded by the agency. The arsenal was in need of more workers, but the area suffered from a housing shortage. The complex was designed by William Stuhr, a partner in the Rock Island architectural firm of Cervin & Stuhr. It was built by the Lovering Construction Company of St. Paul, Minnesota. After the war ended the need to house defense workers on this scale subsided, and the federal government ordered the Rock Island Housing Authority to change Arsenal Courts to low-income housing. After this time, as the workers at the Arsenal moved elsewhere, the area became known for its high crime rate. The city bought the complex in 1980 and planned to tear it down. They lost a class-action lawsuit and agreed to renovate the buildings and to replace the Rock Island Housing Authority with a new management firm. However, the low point for the complex occurred in 1993 when only 78 of its apartments were rented and a majority of the windows were boarded up.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the complex included 52 one- and two-story brick buildings with 305 units. Eleven of the buildings were torn down in 1995 to reduce density in the complex. The number of units has been reduced to 230. That same year, Arsenal Courts was renamed Century Woods. The Millennia Companies of Cleveland, Ohio acquired the complex in April 2019 after managing it for several years. A $14 million-plus renovation of the complex began in May 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The complex is composed of buildings that feature a simple, rectangular design. Most have a flat roof and lack ornamentation overall. The decorative details are found in the lattice-type porch columns and pedimented porch roofs. They were influenced by the Colonial Revival style. The interiors featured a number of configurations depending on the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Arsenal Courts is located in a neighborhood that consists primarily of small, early 20th century, vernacular or bungalow style single-family houses. To the west is an industrial area that is separated from the complex by an expressway. The streets within the complex basically follow the citys street grid. In addition to the apartment buildings, there is also an administration building and the original storage building. The single-story Community Building constructed in the mid-1990s is outside of the historic districts boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The former Oskaloosa Post Office is a historic building located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. Completed in 1902, the Italian Renaissance Revival structure is composed of brick with decorative details in limestone and terra cotta. Plans in 2013 to convert the building into housing fell through. In 2019, a restoration project was begun to shore up the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<p>Casa de Tableta, now known as the Alpine Inn, and formerly known as Rossottis Saloon and Zotts, was built c.1851 in Portola Valley, California at the junction of Arastradero Road. It was listed as a California Historical Landmark in 1969 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. As of 2020, it&#39;s the second oldest saloon in operation in the state of California.</p><br>
<p>Some additional historical names of the building include Félix Buelnas Casa de Tableta; Fernandos Store; Philpotts; Stantons Saloon; Chapetes Place; The Wunder; and Schenkels Picnic Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Casa de Tableta</h3><br>
<p>After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, many Californios were pushed from their homes, and around this time Máximo Martínez of the Rancho Corte de Madera Mexican land grant gave his friend Félix Buelna ninety five acres of land. The nearest large city was San Jose, which had recently outlawed Sunday gambling. Buelna encouraged his friends to come to Casa de Tableta to gamble and play Three-card Monte. In 1867, Buelna leased Casa de Tableta to two people, and then by 1868 he lost the property in a poker game to William Eccles Stanton, an Irish teamster.</p><br>
<h3>The Wunder</h3><br>
<p>Stanton leased the building to an Englishman named William Tate Philpott, which disrupted the Californios. Staton died in 1887, and a few years later Charles Schenkel took over the saloon and renamed it "The Wunder".</p><br>
<p>Construction in nearby areas developed and with the formation of Stanford University, there were students coming to patronize the saloon. Most of the towns nearby were "dry zones" during the late 1800s, but due to the rural location, this saloon thrived and was able to continue to serve alcohol.</p><br>
<p>Before 1911, Croatian immigrant and local orchard rancher Walter Jelich Sr. worked as a bartender.</p><br>
<h3>From Schenkels Picnic Park to Rossottis Saloon</h3><br>
<p>The sign that read, "The Wunder", which was crossed out during the prohibition (1920 to 1933), instead it was named "Schenkels Picnic Park" featuring a large outdoor seating area that runs along Los Trancos Creek, however it still served alcohol. When prohibition ended in 1933, the business was sold to Enrico Rossotti and it was renamed "Rossottis Saloon" and food service was introduced.</p><br>
<p>By 1956, the ownership had changed and it was formally renamed "Alpine Inn Beer Garden" however many still called it "Rossottis" or "Zotts".</p><br>
<p>In 1969, a California Historical Landmark number 825 historical marker was added to the site by the State Department of Parks and Recreation in cooperation with the town of Portola Valley.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, a group of Stanford Research Institute (SRI International) scientists made history and sent an electronic message from a computer, while sitting in the picnic area of the saloon. The first two-network TCP/IP transmission was between a specialized SRI van and ARPANET on August 27, 1976; the van was parked next to the Alpine Inn and wires were run to one of the picnic tables.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In December 2018, the saloon changed owners and underwent a remodel, changes to the menu, and introduced an outdoor tent in the picnic area during the winter season.</p><br>
<p>The building is located near many present day scenic biking routes and hiking trails, and it is still popular with people affiliated with Stanford University.</p><br>
<p>The Oakham Center Historic District encompasses a portion of the historic town center of Oakham, Massachusetts. Roughly bounded by Coldbrook Rd., Maple St., Barre Rd., and Deacon Allen Drive, the area was formed as a civic center about 1770, with town incorporation following in 1775. It includes a well-preserved variety of early 19th-century residential architecture, as well as the town&#39;s Greek Revival Congregational church, and its 1908 library. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Oakham, located in western Worcester County, was first settled by colonists in the 1740s as a district of Rutland, and was incorporated in 1775. Early settlement was dispersed and agricultural, and the town center did not begin to take shape until 1770, when William Hunter gave the town land near a crossroads for a church, school, animal pound, and burying ground. This junction, now where Maple Street, Coldbrook Road, and Ware Corner Road meet, became the core of the town center. Residential growth in the village was most significant during the first half of the 19th century, extending mainly to the west along Maple Street, with many of the houses also including small industrial or commercial workshops. An inn stood facing the common until it burned in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Congregational church is the most prominent focal point of the village. Originally built in 1814 to replace a much cruder older structure, it was moved, enlarged, and restyled in the 1840s to give it its present Greek Revival character. Its steeple was damaged in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938. Nearby stands the 1908 library, a stone structure built using fieldstones donated by the townspeople from their properties. Houses of architectural interest on Maple Street include two which have Greek Revival temple fronts with two-story columns, and a 1912 Craftsman house which is one of the newest in the district. The oldest house in the village is a c. 1790 Georgian Cape on Coldbrook Road.</p><br>
<p>The Newell Rogers House, also known as the R. C. Gaddis House, is a historic two-story house in Laurel, Mississippi. It was designed in an eclectic architectural style with Neoclassical and Mediterranean features by DeBuys, Churchill & Labouisse, and built in 1909 for George S. Gardiner for his daughter Juliet Gardiner and her husband Newell Rogers. It was later purchased by R. C. Gaddis, followed by Thomas Saucier. According to architectural historian Mary Warren Miller, it is "one of Laurel&#39;s most significant early twentieth-century houses." It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 20, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Graham House was a historic one-and-a-half-story cottage in Rose Hill, Mississippi. It was built in the 1860s by Narcissus Daniel Graham, a farmer who lived here with his second wife, née Mary Josephine Spencer. Graham began building the house prior to the American Civil War of 1861–1865, and it was completed after the war. It was designed in the Greek Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 10, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Amos Deason House is a historic one-story house in Ellisville, Mississippi, USA. It was built in 1855–1860, and designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. According to the Hattiesburg American, it is "the oldest house in Jones County." During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Confederate Major Amos McLemore was assassinated by Newt Knight in the house in 1863. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 5, 1984. It was donated to the Daughters of the American Revolution in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Chester Carnes House is a historic house in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built in 1923 by Lembke Construction for Chester Carnes, an optometrist who was the president of the New Mexico Optometric Association, his wife Helen, and their three sons. It was designed in the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. It was listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1979 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Dawson Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Dawson, New Mexico. It was established in 1913. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 9, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dawson was the site of two separate coal mining disasters in 1913 and 1923, and is a ghost town. The Phelps Dodge Mining Company has historically invested in the restoration of this cemetery, which was awarded recognition in 1991 from Representative E. Kelly Mora.</p><br>
<p>The three sections of the burial ground are surrounded by barbed wire or iron pipe fence and it contains roughly 600 marked graves. The cemetery includes the graves of World War II casualties and coal miners; as well as immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and from Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Hillside Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Anniston, Alabama, United States. It was established in 1876, and laid out by Nathan Franklin Barrett. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 3, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Notable burials include US Representative Fred L. Blackmon (1873–1921) and Civil War general Daniel Tyler (1799–1882). Robert Ernest Noble a physician and United States Army officer who attained the rank of major general is also buried at Hillside.</p><br>
<p>The Temple Beth El section of the cemetery was designated as an Alabama Historical Cemetery on October 15, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Robert P. Lamont House is a historic house at 810 S. Ridge Road in Lake Forest, Illinois. The house was built in 1924–25 for Robert P. Lamont, the president of American Steel Foundries; Lamont later became the United States secretary of commerce under Herbert Hoover. Prominent Chicago architect Howard Van Doren Shaw designed the Tudor Revival style country house, which was one of the many homes he designed for Lake Forests wealthy residents in the early twentieth century. While Tudor Revival was one of the many revival styles popular for country houses at the time, the style is unusual among Shaws work in Lake Forest. The house&#39;s design features a long front facade with a brick exterior, oriel and casement windows, wood and stone details, a complex roof structure with gabled and hipped sections, and multiple stone chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The New York Stock Exchange Building  is the headquarters of the New York Stock Exchange , located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is composed of two connected structures occupying much of the city block bounded by Wall Street, Broad Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The central section of the block contains the original structure at 18 Broad Street, designed in the Classical Revival style by George B. Post. The northern section contains a 23-story office annex at 11 Wall Street, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in a similar style.</p><br>
<p>The marble facade of 18 Broad Street contains colonnades facing east toward Broad Street and west toward New Street, both atop two-story podiums. The Broad Street colonnade, an icon of the NYSE, contains a pediment designed by John Quincy Adams Ward and Paul Wayland Bartlett, depicting commerce and industry. The facade of 11 Wall Street is simpler in design but contains architectural details similar to those at 18 Broad Street. Behind the colonnades at 18 Broad Street is the main trading floor, a 72 ft rectangular space. An additional trading floor, nicknamed the Garage, is at 11 Wall Street. There are offices and meeting rooms in the upper stories of 18 Broad Street and 11 Wall Street.</p><br>
<p>The NYSE had occupied the site on Broad Street since 1865 but had to expand its previous building several times. The structure at 18 Broad Street was erected between 1901 and 1903. Within two decades, the NYSE&#39;s new building had become overcrowded, and the annex at 11 Wall Street was added between 1920 and 1922. Three additional trading floors were added in the late 20th century to accommodate increasing demand, and there were several proposals to move the NYSE elsewhere during that time. With the growing popularity of electronic trading in the 2000s, the three newer trading floors were closed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1985. The building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Building is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, occupying the city block between Broad Street to the east, Wall Street to the north, New Street to the west, and Exchange Place to the south. The lot has a total area of 31,350 ft2. Nearby buildings include 1 Wall Street to the west; 14 Wall Street to the north; Federal Hall to the northeast; 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street to the east; Broad Exchange Building to the southeast; and 30 Broad Street to the south. One stair was closed in 2002, following the September 11 attacks, while the other was closed in 2012.</p><br>
<p>A security zone created after the September 11 attacks surrounds the NYSE Building. In addition, a pedestrian-only zone was established along several blocks immediately surrounding the building. Bollards were installed at several intersections around the building in the mid-2000s. In 2017, community group Downtown Alliance proposed improvements to the pedestrian-only zone surrounding the NYSE Building. The plans included a series of benches placed around the Fearless Girl statue on the Broad Street side of the building. The improvements also included the removal of the Broad Street subway entrances, which was approved in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building houses the New York Stock Exchange, It is at the same location as the NYSEs previous headquarters, which had dated to 1865. The NYSE Building is composed of two primary structures. The southern one, at 18 Broad Street in the center of the block, was designed by George B. Post in the Classical Revival style and completed in 1903, directly replacing the former headquarters. The northern structure, at 11 Wall Street on the northern end of the block, has a frontage directly on Wall Street; it was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston and completed in 1922. Due to the sites sloping topography, the first floor is at ground level at the corner of Wall and New Streets, but is one level above Broad Street.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<h4>18 Broad Street</h4><br>
<p>18 Broad Street, the older structure in the modern building, is at the center of the block. The structure has a facade of white Georgia marble and a roof 156 ft above sidewalk level. 18 Broad Street has a frontage of 152 ft on New Street and 137 ft on Broad Street. The facade on Broad Street is inspired by ancient Roman sources, and writer Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis compared the facade to that of the Maison Carrée in southern France.</p><br>
<p>The original structure contains colonnades along both Broad and New Streets. A decorative lintel tops each of the basement openings, while brackets support each short balcony. South of the podium is a two-bay-wide extension with a double-height arch at basement level, providing access to the offices near the trading floor. On New Street, rusticated marble blocks clad the basement and first stories, and the openings are simpler in design compared to the Broad Street facade.</p><br>
<p>Above the podiums on Broad and New Streets, the colonnades span the second through fifth stories. Both colonnades consist of two flat pilasters flanking six columns; each of the columns is 5.5 ft in diameter and 52 ft tall. The columns on Broad Street are fluted, while those on New Street are not. There are wrought-iron railings between each column. The colonnade on Broad Street supports an entablature with the words "New York Stock Exchange" in capital letters. Behind the colonnades are massive windows, each measuring about 96 ft wide by 50 ft tall. The windows were originally double-glazed for insulation, and Post also designed movable vertical shades for the windows. The two southernmost bays on Broad Street, outside the colonnade, contain pairs of windows on each of the second through eighth stories.</p><br>
<p>Above the colonnade on Broad Street is a triangular pediment, originally carved by the Piccirilli Brothers and designed by John Quincy Adams Ward and Paul Wayland Bartlett. The pediment measures about 100 ft above the sidewalk and about 110 ft wide. It is composed of eleven figures representing commerce and industry.</p><br>
<p>A cornice with egg-and-dart moldings and lions&#39; head carvings runs atop the Broad Street facade. A parapet with a balustrade runs above the cornice on Broad Street. The New Street facade has a simple cornice.</p><br>
<h4>11 Wall Street</h4><br>
<p>The northern annex at 11 Wall Street is 22 stories tall, or 23, including the ground-level basement on Broad Street, and is constructed of Georgia marble. It occupies an irregular lot extending 58 ft on Broad Street, 156 ft on Wall Street, and 100 ft on New Street. 11 Wall Street has an overall height of 258 ft. The building&#39;s massing, or general form, incorporates setbacks at the ninth, nineteenth, and twentieth stories, as well as a roof above the twenty-second story. A heavy cornice runs above the eighteenth story.</p><br>
<p>The annex&#39;s main entrance is a chamfered corner at Wall and New Streets. It consists of a rectangular doorway with Doric columns on each side, above which are a transom, entablature, and balustrade. The windows on 11 Wall Street are largely paired rectangular sash windows. The annex contains design elements that visually connect it to the older building. On Broad Street, a belt course above the first story, two floors above street level, connects with the top of the podium on 18 Broad Street. The balustrade at the ninth story, ten floors above street level, connects with those atop 18 Broad Street. Additionally, on the Wall Street facade, there is a small row of Corinthian pilasters flanking the second- through fifth-story windows. These pilasters are similar in design to the colonnades of 18 Broad Street.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The exchange is the locus for a large amount of technology and data. When the building was first completed, pneumatic tubes and telephones were installed on the trading floor and other parts of the building to facilitate communications. Some 25,000 ft of pipes were used to heat and cool the offices. Four boilers generated a combined 800 hp of steam, while three power generators were capable of a combined 1,040 hp. A 2001 article noted that the trading floor required 3,500 kW of electricity, 8,000 phone circuits on the trading floor alone, and 200 mi of fiber-optic cables below ground.</p><br>
<h4>Basement</h4><br>
<p>There are four basement levels. The machinery, electric and steam plants, maintenance workers rooms, and vaults are in the basement and subbasement underneath the first-story trading floor. The building was constructed with a steel safe deposit vault measuring about 118.58 ft wide, 21 ft long, and 9 ft high, weighing 776 ST when empty. A basement corridor led to the Wall Street station of the citys first subway line (now the ), under Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The lowest basement level is 42 ft below Wall Street. The basement is surrounded by a concrete cofferdam resting on solid rock. The surrounding area had an atypically high water table, with groundwater being present a few feet below ground, partially because Broad Street was the former site of a drainage ditch. As a result, caissons were used to excavate part of the 18 Broad Street site, and a concrete cofferdam was built around it. The remainder of the basement and subbasements were then excavated. The caissons were built of wood and measured 30 x each.</p><br>
<h4>Trading floors</h4><br>
<p>The main trading floor (formerly the boardroom) on the first story at 18 Broad Street covers 15,000 ft2.</p><br>
<p>The rooms floor is at the same level as New and Wall Streets; as built, a marble double stair from the basement at Broad Street provided an entrance for members. Interrupting the main trading floor are eight iron columns, the placement of which was decided after twenty to thirty drawings. The marble panels contain bluish-brownstone centers and pink-marble metopes at the top. Four transverse trusses spanning the width of the room, measuring 115 ft long and 15 ft thick, support the ceiling. These trusses are carried on pairs of pilasters at each end and subdivide the ceiling into coffers. The center of the ceiling is fitted with a 30 by skylight, while the rest of the ceiling was gilded upon the buildings completion.</p><br>
<p>As constructed, there were 500 telephones in the room, as well as annunciators clustered around the New Street end and surrounding the large columns on the floor. Abutting the trading floor on higher levels were doctors&#39; rooms, baths, and barbershops for NYSE members,</p><br>
<p>There is another trading floor at the northeast section of 11 Wall Street, nicknamed "the Garage". This floor is 106 ft long and 50 - wide, while the ceiling is 43 ft high. The decoration is similar to that of the main trading floor. Gray marble is used for the walls and public corridors, while the private corridors have Dover marble wainscoting and Alabama marble floors. Until 2007, there were three additional trading floors. The "Blue Room" and the "Extended Blue Room" were in 20 Broad Street, immediately south of the NYSE Building. There was also a trading room at the Continental Bank Building on 30 Broad Street, which had three additional trading posts.</p><br>
<h4>Upper stories</h4><br>
<p>Post included a large interior light shaft on 18 Broad Streets upper stories as part of the buildings design. The location of this shaft, and that of the trading floor, is affected by the planning of the various rooms in the upper stories. On the sixth story, above the trading floor, is the boardroom (formerly the Bond Room). This room has a skylight and coffered ceiling. The walls are adorned with white and gold decorations and contain arches supported by flat pilasters. While the room was originally outfitted with semicircular tiers surrounding a dais, these have since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The seventh story of 18 Broad Street contained the Luncheon Club facing New Street, which covered 12,055 ft2. The Luncheon Club&#39;s main dining room measured 76 by, with an 18 ft high ceiling. After the Luncheon Club shut down in 2006, the room was converted into an event space called Freedom Hall.</p><br>
<p>The other rooms on the sixth story of 18 Broad Street included the Governors Room on the Wall Street side, as well as the presidents and secretary&#39;s rooms, committee rooms, and offices on the New Street side. The Committee on Arrangements and Admission room featured two large brass chandeliers. The other committee rooms on this story were similarly ornate. The seventh and eighth stories facing Broad Street contained committee rooms and offices. There are also offices on the upper floors at 11 Wall Street. Up to the 17th floor, a typical floor at 11 Wall Street contains 7,500 ft2 of space, but each of the top six floors spans 3,661 ft2 on average. The upper stories of both structures contain several event spaces.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Goods had been traded on Wall Street as early as 1725. Auctioneers had intermediated securities exchanges until 1792, when brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement to form an organization for securities trading, which later became the NYSE. In 1817, the organization re-formed as the New York Stock and Exchange Board. The broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, using several locations for the next half-century, including the Tontine Coffee House. Ten years later, the organization moved into the Merchants&#39; Exchange at 55 Wall Street. Rapid growth in securities trading during the latter half of the nineteenth century was reflected in the growth of the Stock and Exchange Board.</p><br>
<h3>Previous structure</h3><br>
<p>In December 1865, the Stock and Exchange Board moved to 10 Broad Street, a T-shaped structure between Wall Street and Exchange Place. The New York Stock Exchange Building Company owned the structure, and the Exchange itself used a second-story room. The Stock and Exchange Board, originally a minor shareholder in the Building Company, bought all the company&#39;s stock in November 1870. The company acquired the lot at 12 Broad Street, and the two buildings were combined and expanded to designs by James Renwick Jr. The Stock Exchange Building reopened in September 1871. Renwick was hired for another extension of the previous Stock Exchange Building, which was completed in 1881. The expanded quarters provided better ventilation and lighting, as well as a larger board room.</p><br>
<p>The expanded building, with a trading floor measuring 141 by, was insufficient for the NYSE&#39;s needs by 1885.</p><br>
<h3>Replacement</h3><br>
<h4>Planning and construction</h4><br>
<p>The NYSE acquired the plots at 16–18 Broad Street in late 1898 after two years of negotiation. The 16–18 Broad Street site cost more than $800,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) and contained the Union Building. The NYSE was planning yet another expansion to its building, which was to start in 1903 after the plots&#39; existing lease expired. The resulting plot, with an estimated total value of $3.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ), measured 153 ft wide on New Street and 138 ft wide on Broad Street.</p><br>
<p>Eight architects were invited to participate in an architectural design competition for a replacement building on the site. This competition involved a brief by architects William Ware and Charles W. Clinton. The foremost consideration was that the trading floor had to be an open space with few to no interruptions. The NYSE solicited proposals for a structure that had banking space on the ground floor, as well as proposals with no such space. The plans had to consider the lot&#39;s complex topography, unusual shape, underlying ground, and the removal of the large deposit vault. The publicist Ivy Lee wrote that the structure was to "be both monumental architecturally and equipped with every device that mechanics, electricity or ingenuity could supply with every resource needed to transact the security trading for the commercial center of the world". The exchange briefly contemplated an eight-to-nine-story structure with offices above its trading floor, but the NYSE ultimately discarded this proposal as unwieldy. The NYSE governors ultimately decided against including a ground-level banking room, which they felt would restrict movement during emergencies.</p><br>
<p>In December 1899, the NYSE&#39;s governing committee unanimously approved the submission by George B. Post. That month, a committee was formed to oversee the construction of the new building. Post continued to revise his design during the next year. By July 1900, the NYSE had arranged to move to the New York Produce Exchange at Bowling Green while the replacement NYSE Building was being constructed. Post filed plans for the building with the New York City Department of Buildings on April 19, 1901. Eight days later, the traders stopped working at the old building. The cornerstone was laid on September 9, 1901. The contractors excavating the site had to work around the old vault, which not only had to be preserved while the new vault and foundations were being built, but had to be delicately demolished afterward.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the contractors had planned for the new structure to be completed within one year of the old buildings closure. Various issues delayed the opening by one year, including difficulty in demolishing the old building, as well as alterations made to the original plan during construction. R. H. Thomas, a chairman of the committee that oversaw construction, justified the delay by saying, "Where so many of our members spend the active years of their lives, they are entitled to the best that architectural ingenuity and engineering skill can produce." Over two thousand guests attended the buildings dedication ceremony on April 22, 1903. The event included speeches from Rudolph Keppler, the president of the New York Stock Exchange, and Seth Low, the mayor of New York City. The trading floor opened for business the following day. The New York Times reported, "When the gavel fell many brokers vied with each other for the honor of making the first business transaction."</p><br>
<h4>Early years and annex</h4><br>
<p>In the years after the NYSE Buildings completion, the exchange encountered difficulties, including the Panic of 1907, when the NYSE had dropped by almost fifty percent from the previous years peak. In addition, the onset of World War I in Europe in 1914 led many investors to liquidate their securities for gold. As a result, the NYSE trading floor was fully closed for four months in 1914, the first time such a prolonged closure had occurred. The trading of wartime stocks led to an increase in business at the New York Curb Exchange outside the NYSE Building and, by 1916, the NYSE was contemplating allowing the Curb to move inside. This plan failed, and the Curb built its own structure at 86 Trinity Place, several blocks to the west, in 1921. In addition, the Wall Street bombing occurred outside the building on September 16, 1920, killing thirty-eight people and injuring hundreds more.</p><br>
<p>In its first two decades, and especially following the end of World War I, the NYSE grew significantly. The rebuilt 18 Broad Street quarters quickly became insufficient for the exchange&#39;s needs. The NYSE also leased the Wilks Building northwest of its existing structure in January 1920; Demolition of the Wilks Building began in June 1920.</p><br>
<p>Trowbridge and Livingston received the commission to design an annex on the Mortimer and Wilks sites, while Marc Eidlitz and Son received the contract for the construction of the annex. By August 1922, the annex was nearly complete, and several firms had already signed leases for about 60 percent of the available office space. The annex&#39;s trading floor opened during the last week of December 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Later operations and expansions</h3><br>
<h4>1920s to 1940s</h4><br>
<p>The office annex was insufficient to accommodate the long-term growth of the NYSE. In mid-1926, the exchange leased three floors at the neighboring Commercial Cable Building on 20 Broad Street. The ground floor was planned to be connected to that of 18 Broad Street, while the first and second floors of that building would be combined into a single bond trading room with a high ceiling. These stories were internally connected to 18 Broad Street, although they remained separate buildings. In 1928, the NYSE bought not only the Commercial Cable Building but also the Blair Building, taking control of all the property on the city block.</p><br>
<p>The NYSEs growth stopped suddenly with the Wall Street Crash of 1929, when share prices on the exchange dropped 23 percent in two days, in what was cited as one cause of the Great Depression. The NYSE trading floor was closed for over a week during the Depression, in March 1933, after President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Emergency Banking Act. The marble sculptures of the pediment on Broad Street, which had deteriorated over the years, were replaced in 1936. The new figures were made of metal, though this was kept secret for eighteen years. At the end of the Great Depression, the NYSE grew again. During World War II, women were allowed to trade in the building for the first time in the Exchanges history.</p><br>
<h4>1950s to 1970s</h4><br>
<p>By 1954, the NYSE was planning to replace the building at 20 Broad Street with a skyscraper, a portion of which would contain auxiliary facilities for the NYSE. The exchange formally held an option to expand its trading floor to 20 Broad Street if the need arose. The structure, designed by Kahn & Jacobs and Sidney Goldstone, was completed in 1956 with 27 stories and 421,000 ft2. The NYSE initially used the second through fourth floors at 20 Broad Street, corresponding to the first through third floors of its main building, as exhibition space. The new building was not part of the NYSE Building, and the New York Life Insurance Company bought 20 Broad Street in 1959.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1960s, the NYSE needed to expand its operations again and was considering moving out of its main building entirely. Previously, the structure had housed some securities firms that were also members of the exchange, but the NYSE needed the space for itself, and the last firm moved out during late 1961. At that time, the NYSEs leadership hoped to acquire land in Lower Manhattan and construct a new building within five years. The NYSE made several proposals for new headquarters, none of which were carried out. The exchange selected a site in Battery Park City in 1965 but dropped plans for the site the next year. The NYSEs governors voted in 1967 to expand the trading floor into 20 Broad Street. The expansion, nicknamed the "Blue Room", opened in July 1969. It provided 8,000 ft2 of additional space to the 23,000 ft2 trading floor, which could accommodate almost two hundred more clerks. In addition, some of the computer facilities were moved to Paramus, New Jersey, between 1967 and 1969.</p><br>
<p>The NYSE looked to build a new headquarters along the East River, at the eastern end of Wall Street, in the long term. These plans were postponed indefinitely in 1970 due to the recession of 1969–1970. In 1977, the media published rumors that the NYSE and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) would merge and construct a new combined facility; however, the merger did not occur at that time. As a temporary measure, the NYSE renovated its visitors&#39; center in 1979, adding a multi-story gallery with various displays adjacent to the main trading floor.</p><br>
<h4>1980s and 1990s</h4><br>
<p>Still short on space, the NYSE rented some offices at 100 Broadway, one block away, in 1980. The NYSE was looking to expand its trading floor again and, in 1985, announced an $11 million (equivalent to $ million in ) extension of the Blue Room at 20 Broad Street, which would add 7,000 ft2 to the trading floor. This expansion was completed by 1988. In addition, the original bell inside the main trading floor was replaced in the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The NYSE, AMEX, and J.P. Morgan & Co. proposed the creation of a financial "supercenter" on the block immediately east of the NYSE Building, across Broad Street, in 1992. The supercenter, to be developed by Olympia and York and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), would have consisted of a 50-story tower above two 50,000 ft2 trading floors. After Olympia and York severed their involvement because of financial difficulties, a team composed of J.P. Morgan & Co., Lewis Rudin, Gerald D. Hines, and Fred Wilpon took over the project. The NYSE withdrew from the supercenter in 1993. The next year, NYSE officials constructed a model trading floor for "3D trading", where securities were displayed on electronic screens.</p><br>
<p>The NYSE resumed its search for alternate sites for its headquarters in mid-1996. During the previous five years, over a thousand companies had been listed on the exchanges board, and trading volume had more than doubled. At one such site, along the East River at the end of Wall Street, developer Donald Trump proposed a 140-story building designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox for the NYSE, which would have been the worlds tallest building. Other sites under consideration included the Broad Exchange Building immediately to the southeast, as well as Bowling Green at the southern end of Manhattan. as well as a site in Jersey City across the Hudson River. which in turn increased the cost of the new building.</p><br>
<p>In late 1996, the NYSE proposed expanding the existing building eastward above Broad Street, closing it to vehicular traffic, and creating a glass-covered atrium above the street.</p><br>
<h4>2000s to present</h4><br>
<p>Over the following years, the increase in electronic trading made physical trading space redundant. The floor accounted for fewer than half of trades in 2007, down from 80 percent in 2004. As a result, the 30 Broad Street trading floor closed in February 2007. The Financial Times described the trading floor in 2021 as "largely a TV studio" and said that most trading was done electronically in New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Critical reception</h3><br>
<p>When the 18 Broad Street building was completed, publicist Ivy Lee wrote: "In outer contour it suggests the columnar, monumental architecture of the ancient Greeks. But this exterior shelters the very essence of the strenuous energy of this twentieth century." Percy C. Stuart of Architectural Record said in 1901: "It will be the first great commercial edifice to be built in New York in the twentieth century, a fitting precursor of an age destined for great buildings." Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler appraised the building as a "very brilliant and successful piece of work". Schuyler especially appreciated that the colonnades&#39; columns visually divided the large windows behind them; his only negative criticism was that the carving of the basement was incongruous with the rest of the design.</p><br>
<p>After the annex was completed, the Downtown League declared it to be the "best building" erected in Lower Manhattan in 1922. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis said in 2021: "The massive building imbued the NYSE with authority, reflecting its view of itself and its role in the economy" while also providing space for a trading floor.</p><br>
<p>Some commentary focused on specific parts of the design. Stuart of Architectural Record wrote that, with the colonnades and large trading-floor windows, "the new Exchange will have a scale of its own, at once so simple and impressive as to readily signalize it among its surroundings". Conversely, Scribners Magazine wrote in 1903 that the pediment on Broad Street was disadvantaged by its location opposite several tall buildings, "which has caused Ward to give to his figures very great scale and to diminish their number". An Architectural Record article the following year pointed out a similar issue, stating that a front view was extremely difficult unless one entered a nearby building, and that "neither architect nor sculptor could have expected many persons to examine the building in that way". Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern said that the pediments sculptures gave the building "an air of magisterial calm as it presided over the financial world&#39;s most important intersection".</p><br>
<h3>Cultural impact</h3><br>
<p>The NYSEs logo, on which the NYSE holds a trademark, depicts the columns on the 18 Broad Street building. This has led to disputes when coupled with the buildings status as an icon of the NYSE. For instance, in 1999, the NYSE unsuccessfully sued the New York-New York Hotel and Casino for trademark infringement after the hotel&#39;s developers built the "New York-New York $lot Exchange", loosely based on 18 Broad Street.</p><br>
<p>The NYSE Buildings prominence has also made it the location of artworks. In 1989, artist Arturo Di Modica installed his sculpture Charging Bull in front of the building, in an act of guerrilla art. The sculpture was removed within a day and ultimately reinstalled at Bowling Green, two blocks south. Subsequently, in 2018, Kristen Visbals bronze sculpture Fearless Girl was installed outside the NYSE Building on Broad Street. The Fearless Girl sculpture was originally installed in 2017 facing Charging Bull at Bowling Green, but it was moved to the NYSE because of complaints from Di Modica.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>As early as 1965, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had considered designating the 18 Broad Street building, but not the 11 Wall Street annex, as a landmark. It was one of the first buildings the LPC had proposed for landmark status, as the commission had just gained the authority to designate the citys structures as landmarks. At the time, the NYSE and several private owners opposed landmark status for their respective buildings, since any proposed modification to a landmark would require a cumbersome review by the city government. The LPC hosted a second landmark hearing in 1980 but again declined to designate the building. In 1983, The New York Times cited the NYSE Building as one of several prominent structures that had not been designated by the LPC in the agencys first eighteen years, alongside Rockefeller Center and the Woolworth Building. The LPC reconsidered designation for 18 Broad Street in 1985. After numerous public hearings, the LPC finally granted landmark status to 18 Broad Street on July 9, 1985, as landmark number 1529.</p><br>
<p>Both 18 Broad Street and 11 Wall Street were added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978, marking them as sites that add "exceptional value to the nation". The building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district, in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. J.C. Francis Office is a historic building in Jacksonville, Alabama, United States. It was built in 1852 as a medical practice for Dr. J.C. Francis, and designed in the American National style. Francis was born in Ray County, Tennessee and trained in Lexington, Kentucky before moving to Alabama. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 20, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Baring Bridge is a one-lane wood and steel cable suspension bridge crossing the South Fork Skykomish River in Baring, Washington, United States. It carries Index Creek Road, which connects a rural area to USA Route 2 in unincorporated King County. Built in 1930, it is one of only two wooden suspension bridges designed for vehicle use in Washington that remain active and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in August 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Baring Bridge was completed in 1930, replacing an older bridge of similar design built around 1912–1913. The main suspension span of the bridge is 10.5 ft wide and 272 ft long, with two wooden approach ramps that bring the total length to 334 ft. Two pairs of main cables are anchored by large concrete blocks in the ground. The secondary suspension cables are attached to floor beams with eyebolt and ring connections. The north and south towers were rebuilt in 1958. In 1975, the weight restriction was set to 3 tons, later raised to 10 tons in 1995 after major repairs were made.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth century, the area around the Skykomish River had many mining claims and rock quarries. The Baring Bridge provides the only access to people residing on the south side of the river in the community of Baring. The first Baring Bridge, designed by J.G. McCormack, was built in 1912, then closed to vehicles by 1921. This bridge was replaced by the 1930 bridge, which shared a similar design.</p><br>
<p>A heavy snowstorm in 1952 caused the bridge deck to collapse, pulling the cables out of their anchorage. Repairs included new concrete anchorages and a superstructure of untreated timber.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Skykomish River suffered a 100-year flood, causing moderate damage to the Baring Bridge. Major repairs in 1994–1995 replaced the decking, enlarged concrete anchors, and replaced steel rods with high-strength cable. More repairs to the bridge were made in 2000, and 2017.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the Baring Bridge Replacement Project was established to plan for a replacement bridge. Construction is scheduled to begin in 2026 with work taking approximately two years to complete. The Baring Bridge is one of only two remaining wooden suspension bridges for vehicles in the state, alongside the Longmire Bridge which crosses the Nisqually River in Mount Rainier National Park, which contains no original timbers since it was rebuilt in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel and Sarah Hulme House is a historic building located north of Trenton, Iowa, United States. The earliest houses in Jefferson Township were log cabins, followed by wooden frame structures, and then brick as the technology advanced. It is unknown who designed and built the 1½-story, vernacular Greek Revival brick house, but there was a brick kiln on Daniel Black&#39;s property in Trenton and there were other brick houses built around the same time in the area. The house was built for Samuel and Sarah Hulme, who were newlyweds at the time. Samuel was a gentleman farmer and an active member of the Henry County Institute of Science. The house features stone window sills and brick jack arch lintels. The interior still has its original layout, wood trim, floors, paneled wood doors, and wood stairs and railing.</p><br>
<p>The South Bend City Cemetery is a historic cemetery in South Bend, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South Bend City Cemetery was established in 1831, when Lathrop Taylor and Alexis Coquillard donated the land upon which it was built. Jacob Roof was the first burial was on August 25, 1831. The Miller Mausoleum was built in 1882 and the Studebaker-Milburn Mausoleum in 1884. The sexton&#39;s cottage, designed by Parker & Austin, was built in 1899, the same year that the cast iron entrance gate was installed at the Elm Street entrance.</p><br>
<p>By December 1911, there were 7,190 burials at City Cemetery. A monument in memory of the veterans of the American Civil War of 1861–1865 was added in 1914 thanks to a donation from Union Army colonel Norman Eddy.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 4, 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>E. Volney Bingham (1844–1922), state senator</p><br>
<p>John Birdsell (1815–1894), American manufacturer and businessman</p><br>
<p>Ellen Maria Colfax (1836–1911), second wife of Schuyler Colfax and Second Lady of the United States</p><br>
<p>Evelyn Clark Colfax (1823–1863), first wife of Schuyler Colfax</p><br>
<p>Schuyler Colfax (1823–1885), 17th Vice President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Schuyler Colfax III (1870–1925), mayor of South Bend</p><br>
<p>Norman Eddy (1810–1872), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>William G. George, first mayor of South Bend</p><br>
<p>Joseph and Mary McKinley, the paternal grandparents of President William McKinley</p><br>
<p>H. B. Miller (1819–1889), member of New York Senate and Illinois House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>William Miller (1821–1901), mayor of South Bend</p><br>
<p>Samuel Sample (1796–1855), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Thomas S. Stanfield (1816–1885), state politician and railroad executive</p><br>
<p>Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), wagon and carriage manufacturer (formerly interred in Studebaker-Milburn Mausoleum)</p><br>
<p>Clement Studebaker Jr. (1871–1932), businessman (interred in Studebaker mausoleum)</p><br>
<p>John Studebaker (1833–1917), businessman (interred in Studebaker mausoleum)</p><br>
<p>Peter Studebaker (1836–1897), treasurer and chairman of Studebaker Corporation</p><br>
<p>Enoch R. Weiss (1848–1917), Indian Campaigns Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Charles Zeitler (1871–1903), American football player for the University of Notre Dame</p><br>
<p>Sam Ripley Farm is a historic farm near Midway, Georgia in rural Liberty County, Georgia. The structure was built in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm was built in 1926 by Sam Ripley on a portion of his father Harry Ripley&#39;s land. The building is typical of subsistence farms of the era. Ripley died in 1988 and the property was sold in 1994. Following some rehabilitation, the property was operated as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>According to documentation by the NRHP, the building is "representative of the type of African-American subsistence farmsteads developed after the Civil War." The structure is an example of vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>Apache Nitrogen Products purchased land in 1925, to provide housing for company management, from the Benson School District on West 6th Street in Benson, about north of the plant. Eight individual lots were sold to company officials, who had houses built . After a disagreement, the company purchased the lots back and then rented them to the employees at subsidized rates. Apache also build an "evacuation hospital" at 209 West 6th St. The company owned the properties for many decades, eventually selling them in the 1970s and 80s. A parcel on the north side of the street was used as a park and legally transferred in the 1960s by the company to the City of Benson.</p><br>
<p>The eight houses, the hospital building, and the park were designated as the Apache Powder Historic Residential District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Seven of the houses are in the Craftsman Bungalow architectural style, the dominant style of the district. The style was popular in the Benson area in the mid-1920s. All but one are stuccoed with wood-sided gable ends. One is entirely wood-sided. All have detached garages opening to an alley, hardwood flooring, and were built on redwood piers over a crawl space. One other house is Spanish Colonial Revival and Mission Revival style with stucco, stepped parapets, and an articulated porch, and originally served as an hospital for the company. The final building in the historic district is Spanish Eclectic with influences of Moorish, Byzantine, Gothic, and Renaissance architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district is considered "architecturally significant" for representing popular architectural styles at the time of Apache Powders early history and association with the company, which is a significant part of Bensons history. The company brought important employment and economic stimulus to Benson.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All the houses were built. The exact dates and builders are not known.</p><br>
<h2>Map</h2><br>
<p>The Green Bay Road Historic District is a residential historic district in Lake Forest, Illinois. Centered on Green Bay Road, a historic postal and military road that once connected Chicago with Green Bay, Wisconsin, the district includes 147 contributing buildings. The houses in the district are mainly country estates built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for some of the Chicago areas wealthiest residents. The Onwentsia Club, a country club to which most of the districts residents belonged, was the center of the area&#39;s social life and is also part of the district. The district includes works by several prominent Chicago architects, including Howard Van Doren Shaw, David Adler, Ambrose Coghill Cramer, and Chester Howe Walcott. While the Arts and Crafts style preferred by Shaw is common in the district, most of the other houses are designed in revival styles, including Classical Revival, Renaissance Revival, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Proctor Building is a historic hotel and commercial building at 520-30 N. Milwaukee Avenue in Libertyville, Illinois. The building was constructed in 1903 during a period of commercial growth in Libertyville spurred by new passenger rail connections to Chicago. The three brothers R.J., C.W., and R.E. Proctor and their cousin E.W. Proctor were the original owners of the building, which was the largest of Libertyvilles three hotels when it opened. Architect William G. Krieg designed the building, which features three-sided oriel windows and an elaborate limestone entrance to the hotel. Major businesses such as A&P, Woolworths, and Jewel occupied the buildings first-floor commercial spaces, while the second-floor hotel hosted visitors and became a focal point of the citys business and social circles.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Bridge L6113 is a historic bridge in Congdon Park in Duluth, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1925, it carries East 4th Street over Tischer Creek. Structurally it is a reinforced concrete arch bridge with a veneer of local gabbro masonry. Artistically it mixes rustic, uncoursed masonry with neoclassical details in its limestone belt courses and arch ring. Bridge L6113 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 for its local significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for its high aesthetic value of mixed architectural styles complementing its park setting.</p><br>
<p>The Polk County Courthouse and 1905 Courthouse Annex is historical site located in Livingston, Polk County, Texas, USA.</p><br>
<p>The annex was built in 1900 and remained significant until 1974, and was designed for governmental uses. The architects Green, Lewis Sterling McLelland and Fink designed the structure with a classical/revival design. In 2001, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Clifford Milton Leonard Farm is a historic farm at 550-579 Hathaway Circle in Lake Forest, Illinois. The gentlemans farm was built in 1923-26 for Clifford Milton Leonard; at the time, gentlemans farms were a popular pastime for Americas wealthiest citizens, and Leonard, the head of several oil and banking companies, was no exception to this rule. The property includes three cottages, a large round barn, a smaller carriage barn, and several outbuildings and smaller structures; while its original plans included a main house as well, it was never built. Architect Ralph Varney designed the buildings in the French Renaissance Revival style, using elements such as stone and brick exteriors, steep hip roofs, and flared eaves. Noted landscape architect Jens Jensen planned the farms layout.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Hosmer Morse House is a historic house at 1301 Knollwood Circle in Lake Forest, Illinois. Built in 1932, the house served as a summer home for businessman Robert Hosmer Morse and his family. The architectural firm of Zimmerman, Saxe & Zimmerman designed the house, which combined elements of the Moderne and Art Deco styles. As the wealthy residents of Lake Forest typically used traditional designs for their homes, the modern architectural styles were an unusual choice. The house&#39;s design features a stucco exterior, a horizontal emphasis throughout, casement windows, decorative limestone around the front entrance, and a recessed third floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Mrs. C. Morse Ely House is a historic house at 111 Moffett Road in Lake Bluff, Illinois. The house was built in 1923 for Mrs. C. Morse Ely, one of several wealthy Chicagoans who built homes in Lake Bluff in the early twentieth century. Architect David Adler gave the house a French Renaissance Revival design inspired by the French château La Lanterne. Adler was well known for his eclectic designs, and French architecture heavily influenced his work. The house&#39;s design includes a symmetrical plan, quoins and other ornamental brickwork, limestone pilasters and pediments, casement windows, and five chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Inez Hotel, also known as The Inez Apartments, is a historic three-story building in Brookhaven, Mississippi. It was designed in the Romanesque Revival style by Diboll & Owen, and built by T. Hallas & Co. in 1904. The original owner was R. T. Scherck, who started his career by working for his father, an immigrant from Germany, at A. Scherck & Son. Scherck lived at the R.T. Scherck House. He named the hotel for his daughter, Inez Lenore Pass Scherck. Biglane sold it to Clarke College and Mississippi College. In the late 1980s, it was remodelled into a retirement facility by its new owners, Dub Sproles and Paul Jackson. It was acquired by new owners in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 21, 1988. It was included in Brookhaven&#39;s annual Tour of Homes alongside other historic buildings in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Jack C. Hardy House is a historic house on a former stud farm in Brookhaven, Mississippi. It was designed in the Italianate architectural style, and built with red bricks by Captain J. A. Hoskins in 1877. Both Hardy and Hoskins were veterans of the American Civil War of 1861–1865. The house belonged to his great-great grandson, Thomas Hardy Little, from 1995 to 2005; he was found dead in Jackson, Mississippi in 2016. Meanwhile, the house was sold multiple times. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 1, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Cemetery is a cemetery in Jackson, Tennessee located on Hollywood Drive at Williams Street, about 0.4 miles north of Airways Boulevard. At present, it occupies a deeded area of 30 acres.</p><br>
<p>The B&#39;Nai Israel Jewish cemetery is located adjacent to the north-west corner of Hollywood Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 17 December 1886 a group incorporated as Hollywood Cemetery. After purchasing fifty acres of land from Robert Hurt for $3,000 on 23 December 1886, the group founded the cemetery. By 1900 the cemetery held nearly 100 burials, nine of whom had died before the cemetery was founded and whose graves were relocated from their original locations. In the period to the early 20th century, the cemetery was the chief burial ground for local wealthy and upper-middle-class citizens, which is borne out by its layout, landscaping and many stylish and ornamental monuments.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, during the cemetery&#39;s centennial year, the governing board arranged for all memorials to be surveyed and documented. Subsequent surveys supplemented the records, and the database can be searched online.</p><br>
<h2>21st Century</h2><br>
<p>Hollywood Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 22 May 2003, and is the largest of three cemeteries in Jackson listed, the others being Mount Olivet and Riverside.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the cemetery&#39;s own database, the Findagrave entry for the cemetery includes more than 10,700 memorials, most of which have been photographed.</p><br>
<p>By February 2020 the cemetery held more than 10,000 graves and had more than 1500 lots for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Jefferson Murray, USA Representative (1894-1971)</p><br>
<p>Herron Carney Pearson, USA Representative (1890-1953)</p><br>
<p>The Helen Shedd Reed House, also known as the Mrs. Kersey Coates Reed House, is a historic house at 1315 N. Lake Road in Lake Forest, Illinois. Built in 1931–32, the house was the home of Helen Shedd Reed and her children; it replaced a 19th-century house called Elsinore where Reed and her husband Kersey Coates Reed had lived until the latters death in 1929. Architect David Adler, who was best known for his eclectic work, designed the house in the Georgian Revival style. The house is divided into a main section and a service wing and features five-bay facades on the main section, a transom and segmented arch above the entrance, marble detailing, and several dormers and chimneys. Frances Adler Elkins, a prominent designer and Adlers sister, designed the house&#39;s interior.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The R.T. Scherck House is a historic house in Brookhaven, Mississippi. It was designed in the Queen Anne style, and built in 1896 for Richard Theodore Scherck. The latter was the son of Abraham Scherck, an immigrant from Germany. He began his career by working for his father, and he later opened the Inez Hotel in Brookhaven. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 14, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Foxx–Cox House is a historic one-story house in Bogue Chitto, Mississippi. It was built around 1895 in the Queen Anne style, which was popular in Mississippi from about 1895 to 1905,</p><br>
<p>Dating its construction precisely is difficult as many Lincoln County records were destroyed by fire in two burnings of the Lincoln County Courthouse. "Tradition states, however, that the original owner was an Illinois Central trainmaster named Foxx, and that the property was owned by the Coxx family at some later date, possibly around the time of the 1930s rear addition."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It was deemed significant "as an outstanding and intact local example of the Queen Anne style. The house, a one-story Queen Anne cottage, is the most ornate residence in the small rural town of Bogue Chitto."</p><br>
<p>The Henry I. Paddock House is a historic house at 346 Sheridan Road in Winthrop Harbor, Illinois. Built in 1860 by Henry I. Paddock, the house is the oldest in Winthrop Harbor. The house was designed in the Italianate style, a popular choice in the 1850s and 1860s. Its design includes a front-facing gable and tall, thin windows topped with arches, both typical Italianate elements; it originally included two Italianate porches as well. The house was remodeled in 1884 to add Queen Anne elements, including a bay window with wood detailing and stained glass transoms above the doors.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 30, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia River Quarantine Station, now known as the Knappton Cove Heritage Center, is a historic site in Knappton, Washington. The station provided fumigation and quarantine services to maritime vessels at the port on the Columbia River from 1899 to 1938, and is the sole remaining quarantine station on the West Coast of the United States as all others were burned for fear of contamination. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth century, regulations on immigration to the United States were increasing. There were four west coast ports where immigrants could enter the United States: San Diego and San Francisco in California, Astoria, Oregon, and Port Townsend, Washington. Federal legislation in 1891 required medical inspections for arriving immigrants. Ships arriving at the port of Astoria on the Columbia River had to travel to the disinfecting station in Port Townsend, 275 miles away, if disease was found on board. The communities of Astoria and Portland agitated for closer quarantine and disinfecting facilities, but did not want them too close and so proposed a site across the river.</p><br>
<p>The location selected for the station was Knappton Cove, which had a defunct fish cannery with a wharf and buildings that could be converted. The government purchased the site for $8,000, over the objections of the Washington residents. The station was established May 9, 1899. The building which had served as the cannery superintendent&#39;s house became the residence for the quarantine station caretaker. A new building for disinfecting ships was built in 1900, and a hospital (also known as a lazaretto or pesthouse) for ill crew and passengers was added in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The first physician at Columbia River Quarantine Station was Assistant Surgeon Hill Hastings. He was succeeded several months later by Dr. Bayles H. Earle of the United States Marine Hospital Service. Earle was replaced by Passed Assistant Surgeon John Milton Hold in 1906, and in 1911, Assistant Surgeon Jay Tuttle took Hold&#39;s place.</p><br>
<p>Ships anchoring at Astoria were inspected for infestation and communicable diseases. When either were found, the ship were sent to Knappton Cove where passengers went ashore for showers and delousing of their clothing and baggage while the ship was fumigated. Sick passengers would be isolated. To fumigate the ships, which took about 48 hours, pots of sulfur were burned throughout the ship. Initially, those crewmembers and passengers who were not ill slept in tents until they were able to board the ship again. From 1915 to 1929, the USS Concord was moored at Knappton to provide lodging.</p><br>
<p>During its first year of operation, Columbia River Quarantine Station screened 6,120 people from 97 sailing vessels and 35 steam vessels.</p><br>
<p>The Sunday Oregonian described the station in 1921:</p><br>
<p>Before any vessel coming from a foreign port can discharge or load cargo in the Columbia River it must pass quarantine at Astoria. The Ellis Island for this district is situated on the Washington side of the river, near Knappton; and consists of a dock, disinfecting building and appliances, quarters, hospital, detention quarters, etc....Thanks to the vigilance of the quarantine on the Columbia River our cites have yet to experience the plague.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, the number of immigrants decreased and new methods of disinfecting ships while at anchor reduced the need for the quarantine station. The Columbia River Quarantine Station was phased out in 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Later uses</h2><br>
<p>For a short time after 1938, the Bureau of Lighthouses made use of the quarantine station site for a navigational aid site. The USA Public Health Service declared the station surplus and transferred ownership to the USA Coast Guard in 1942. In 1950, the property was sold at public auction to Clarence and Katherine Bell of Portland.</p><br>
<p>The Bell family operated the site as a fishing camp and moorage site, Knappton Cove Camp, in the 1950s. Students of historic preservation at Clatsop Community College assisted with renovations. In 2017, the museum, now run by a nonprofit group, received a $5,000 grant from the National Trust for Preservation.</p><br>
